Erosion

7.8 Chapter Questions

1. The coastal dune management area is located in New South Wales at Stuart Point.

2. 1893- A large flood caused the Macleay River to break through the sand barrier at South West Rocks creating another entrance for the river.
1965 May- Soil Conservation Service provided native plant seedlings and planting advice which was the start of the re-vegetation program for the dunes.
1965 August- Cattle started to grazed and destroy the vegetation program.
1970- Soil Conservation Service of NSW was established

7.7 Chapter Questions

1. State governments

2. The Queensland government- Pays a 1/4 of the total of running and maintaining the sand bypassing system and carries out navigational dredging to keep open the river entrance.
The New South Wales government- Pays one half of the cost of running, is in charge of the sand bypassing system.
Gold Coast City Council- Pays a 1/4 of the total of running and maintaining the sand bypassing system, approval to carry out a certain amount of beach nourishment.

3. 2nd of June 1989- State ministers met to develop a cooperative approach to the issue of the Tweed River.
February 2000- Construction of the sand bypass scheme commenced.
March 2001- Scheme was completed and operational

4. The NSW government decided to halve the payments required while being given certain positions. The Queensland government and Gold City Council decided to half the other payment and each pay a quarter while receiving some duties. I believe this is fair because the NSW government decided to be apart of this scheme and should pay half.

5. The opportunities that the residents are given is to use the beaches and areas that are being managed by the scheme so that the governments and council can understand how the residents will use the area and what changes may need to happen.

7.5 Chapter Questions

1. Because it attracts to so many tourists and new residents every year that to keep the numbers sustainable the Gold Coast has to be built and sustained very well.

2. Erosion and constructive waves.

3. Building of rock walls and beach nourishment programs.

4. They have created the Beach Protection Act in 1968 that established the Beach Protection Authority which allows them to implement any coastal management strategies needed to protect the Gold Coast beaches. They have been successful and has even created great surfing spots.

5. Some of the management strategies used have taken away the beauty of the Gold Coast and its beaches.

6. a)  i. 27381   ii. 220366   iii. 6127   iv. 74539

b) Gold Coast, Brisbane, Perth, Melbourne, Darwin, Sydney, Hobart, Adelaide

c)

City	Population increase between 1999 and 2004	Annual population growth (%)
Sydney	212,124	1
Brisbane	182,610	2.2
Gold Coast	74,539	3.5

d) Because Sydney's population is far larger than the Gold Coast's its increase in people will usually mean its will be quite large compared to the Gold Coast's but because Sydney's population is so large in the first place then the Gold Coast's annual population growth will be larger if any small number of people come because its population is so small in the first place.

7. One centimetre on the map represent point two five kilometres on the ground.

8. Contour interval is 10 metres

7.4 Chapter Questions

1. Coastal management involves people creating solutions and strategies to minimise the environmental effects that humans put into the coastal region.

2. Sea Walls- Used to stop erosion of the coastline and protect property.
Breakwaters- Constructed at all the entrances to rivers, they extend into the ocean in order to stabilise river entrances.
Groynes- Constructed along beaches to catch sand and make beaches wider.
Fences- To ensure adequate access to the beach while protecting the vegetation that stabilises the sand-dunes.

3.

Brief Description of management strategy	Advantages	Disadvantages
Sea Walls- Used to stop erosion of the coastline and protect property.	Helps protect coastal property and land with vegetation.	Does not look very nice and a scenic thing to see around a beach.
Breakwaters- Constructed at all the entrances to rivers, they extend into the ocean in order to stabilise river entrances.	Helps stabilise river entrances. Safe access for boating. Keep river entrances clear of sand-build up.	Alter the patterns of erosion, transportation and deposition of sand along the coastline.
Beach nourishment- Involves the movement of sand by machines.	Helps to keep beaches even with the amount of sand that is deposited.	Can be very expensive and needs to be ongoing.
Coastal Dune preservation- Strategies are implemented to protect these dunes which play a vital role in the coastal environment.	Keep the dunes safe from environmental impacts by humans.

4. Because many management techniques work hand in hand with some management strategies which make them more effective and useful.