Erosion

7.8 Chapter Questions

1. The coastal dune management area is located in New South Wales at Stuart Point.

2. 1893- A large flood caused the Macleay River to break through the sand barrier at South West Rocks creating another entrance for the river.
1965 May- Soil Conservation Service provided native plant seedlings and planting advice which was the start of the re-vegetation program for the dunes.
1965 August- Cattle started to grazed and destroy the vegetation program.
1970- Soil Conservation Service of NSW was established

7.7 Chapter Questions

1. State governments

2. The Queensland government- Pays a 1/4 of the total of running and maintaining the sand bypassing system and carries out navigational dredging to keep open the river entrance.
The New South Wales government- Pays one half of the cost of running, is in charge of the sand bypassing system.
Gold Coast City Council- Pays a 1/4 of the total of running and maintaining the sand bypassing system, approval to carry out a certain amount of beach nourishment.

3. 2nd of June 1989- State ministers met to develop a cooperative approach to the issue of the Tweed River.
February 2000- Construction of the sand bypass scheme commenced.
March 2001- Scheme was completed and operational

4. The NSW government decided to halve the payments required while being given certain positions. The Queensland government and Gold City Council decided to half the other payment and each pay a quarter while receiving some duties. I believe this is fair because the NSW government decided to be apart of this scheme and should pay half.

5. The opportunities that the residents are given is to use the beaches and areas that are being managed by the scheme so that the governments and council can understand how the residents will use the area and what changes may need to happen.

7.5 Chapter Questions

1. Because it attracts to so many tourists and new residents every year that to keep the numbers sustainable the Gold Coast has to be built and sustained very well.

2. Erosion and constructive waves.

3. Building of rock walls and beach nourishment programs.

4. They have created the Beach Protection Act in 1968 that established the Beach Protection Authority which allows them to implement any coastal management strategies needed to protect the Gold Coast beaches. They have been successful and has even created great surfing spots.

5. Some of the management strategies used have taken away the beauty of the Gold Coast and its beaches.

6. a)  i. 27381   ii. 220366   iii. 6127   iv. 74539

b) Gold Coast, Brisbane, Perth, Melbourne, Darwin, Sydney, Hobart, Adelaide

c)

City	Population increase between 1999 and 2004	Annual population growth (%)
Sydney	212,124	1
Brisbane	182,610	2.2
Gold Coast	74,539	3.5

d) Because Sydney's population is far larger than the Gold Coast's its increase in people will usually mean its will be quite large compared to the Gold Coast's but because Sydney's population is so large in the first place then the Gold Coast's annual population growth will be larger if any small number of people come because its population is so small in the first place.

7. One centimetre on the map represent point two five kilometres on the ground.

8. Contour interval is 10 metres

7.4 Chapter Questions

1. Coastal management involves people creating solutions and strategies to minimise the environmental effects that humans put into the coastal region.

2. Sea Walls- Used to stop erosion of the coastline and protect property.
Breakwaters- Constructed at all the entrances to rivers, they extend into the ocean in order to stabilise river entrances.
Groynes- Constructed along beaches to catch sand and make beaches wider.
Fences- To ensure adequate access to the beach while protecting the vegetation that stabilises the sand-dunes.

3.

Brief Description of management strategy	Advantages	Disadvantages
Sea Walls- Used to stop erosion of the coastline and protect property.	Helps protect coastal property and land with vegetation.	Does not look very nice and a scenic thing to see around a beach.
Breakwaters- Constructed at all the entrances to rivers, they extend into the ocean in order to stabilise river entrances.	Helps stabilise river entrances. Safe access for boating. Keep river entrances clear of sand-build up.	Alter the patterns of erosion, transportation and deposition of sand along the coastline.
Beach nourishment- Involves the movement of sand by machines.	Helps to keep beaches even with the amount of sand that is deposited.	Can be very expensive and needs to be ongoing.
Coastal Dune preservation- Strategies are implemented to protect these dunes which play a vital role in the coastal environment.	Keep the dunes safe from environmental impacts by humans.

4. Because many management techniques work hand in hand with some management strategies which make them more effective and useful.

7.1 Chapter Questions

1. Because the major percentage of Australia's population lives at or near the coast things such as pollution, population growth and introduced plants have becoming higher increasing problems.

2. Because of the pressure of urban development along the coastline has caused a range of geographical issues involving various groups.

3. Population growth. More people are wanting to change the lifestyle of living in the city to living out near the coast.

4. Some towns have imposed residential caps or a population ceiling for their town in an effort to stop over development of the area.

5. Pollution- People are allowing their rubbish to end up in urban stormwater drains which brings all of their rubbish to the beaches causing the water to become intoxicated.

Introduced Plants- People bring over other plants to help sustain things such as sand dunes but these plants then destroy the native vegetation.

Coast Rivers and Lagoons- The use of boats along rivers and in lagoons causes them to become silted which then requires a lot of dredging to keep it healthy again.

Tourism and Recreational Pressures- Tourism is becoming more increasingly popular for the coasts of Australia and many tourists developments and resorts are being placed along the coast. This is putting pressure on the infrastructure and environment and if it is not managed properly sand dunes and beaches may become eroded because of allowed vehicle access.

6. The geographers have to manage residents, tourists and commercial-related activities so that the development of the coastline is sustainable.

7.2 Chapter Questions

1. The wind forms ripples, then these form wavelets and finally waves.

2. The distance the wind travels over the ocean to form a wave.

3. Waves out in the ocean take the energy from the wind and create strong rippling effects but closer into the coast and shore the waves start to interact with the sea floor because of the shallow water.

4.










5.  











6. Spilling waves break far from the shore with beaches with gentle slopes which are good for body surfing. Plunging waves break on the beach and is moderately steep which is great for board riders as they form tubes and surging waves occur on very steep beaches where the waves roll up the steep face rather than breaking over it.

7. Wind swell is where waves travel only a short distance before they hit land where as ground swell is formed after waves have travelled across greater distances of ocean before hitting the coast.

8.
 
9. Hi, if you want to swim in the beaches of Australia then you should know the 3 different waves that could occur and who they are best suited for. Firstly, there are spilling waves that break far from the shore with beaches that have gentle slopes and are perfect for people who like to body surfing. The next type of wave is a plunging wave. These waves break on the beach and are moderately steep which is great for board riders as they form tubes or barrels that surfers love to go into. The last type of wave is a surging wave which only occurs on very steep beaches where the waves roll up the steep face rather than breaking over it. These waves can be dangerous and should only be swam in if you are a very fit and able swimmer. Enjoy!!

10. Today was quite a busy day as although the cyclone warnings have created massive waves it was very hot and this attracted hundreds of people to the beach. The cyclone's wind has been bringing massive surging waves towards shore and I alone had to make 48 saves and over 75% of them were because of the swimmers not being able to cope with the on coming amount of waves that were hitting the shore line. The cyclone has made the waters very choppy further out past the rocks and a rescue boat was called after a speed boat hit a wave too hard and the boat and its two passengers were catapulted around 100 metres. Luckily the female only broke her neck and the male suffered major bruising as the rescue boats came within seconds of the crash as they were on their usual 1pm patrol. The cyclone started to bring in its terrible weather and by 3:30pm the weather was awful with gusty winds and pouring rain which took away all of the people at the beach and made my job 99% easier.

7.3 Chapter Questions

1. Erosion, transportation and deposition.

2. Wave refraction causes the wave energy that is usually evenly distributed along the entire wave is concentrated in particular areas and less intense in others.

3.















4. Sea stacks

5. Hydraulic action, corrasion and corrosion.

6. The erosion-accretion cycle is when eroding waves take large amounts of sand out into the ocean where it forms a sand bar and then smaller constructive waves eventually take all of the sand back into its usual state.

7. Wind, waves and prevailing ocean currents.

8. Coastal dunes

9. Coastal dunes are formed by wind which blows the deposited sand landward which is then trapped by low-lying vegetation. The vegetation allows the sand to be trapped and create coastal dunes.

10.

Longshore drift is the process of waves moving up towards the beach in a zigzag motion with the swash help losing the momentum that the waves brought up from the ocean. This process helps move sand along the beach.






11.
 
A beach was a depositional landforms that was formed by eroded rock and shell material that are accumulation of sand that occur along the shoreline. Beaches can change through the erosion of sand being deposited off shore from storm waves.




         Sea stacks are created by water eroding away coastal headlands so much that stacks of rocks are left over and shaped in weird forms.

Wave cut platforms are eroded away by destructive waves hitting against the cliff face, causing undercutting between the high and low water marks, mainly as a result of corrasion and hydraulic power, creating a wave-cut notch. This notch then enlarges into a cave. The waves undermine this portion until the roof of the cave cannot hold due to the pressure and freeze-thaw weathering acting on it, and collapses, resulting in the cliff retreating landward.

Coastal dunes are formed by wind which blows the deposited sand landward which is then trapped by low-lying vegetation. The vegetation allows the sand to be trapped and create coastal dunes.













12. Foredunes protect the coastal areas by not allowing any water coming into the fragile dune vegetation located on the hind dunes and eroding them away.

13. a) On the Great Ocean Road in Victoria.
b) They are a popular tourist destination as the sea stacks have been created over 20 million years.
c) They were formed by waves eroding the headlands away so much that the only thing left is part of the headlands.
d) London Bridge was a sea stack that was shaped like a bridge but it was eroded  so much that it could not stand up and collapsed itself.
e) I think that it could not have been prevented as the water is not going to stop eroding the stacks.

14. The twelve apostles are sea stacks that have been created by ocean waves eroding away the headland over 20 million years that all that has remained is parts of the headland in stacks of rock. Sadly, these sea stacks will eventually become eroded so much near the ocean sea level that they will collapse and fall down into the ocean floor.

15. The local council had decided to buy back a property located on the headland and a neighbouring foredune that is very subject to severe erosion. The residents believe that the local council is depriving them of their spectacular views, relaxed lifestyle and valuable property. If the local council buys the property to help conserve the foredunes and the surrounding environment then the residents should not be as disappointed and sad about the buy-back but if the council believes that apartments or other construction is the way to go and attract people to the area because of the view then the residents should be very disappointed in the council for their decision as foredunes and headlands like these are very rare and unique to live near and should be considered at the council meetings on what their decision to do with the land should be and take in consideration the local residents of the area.









   

Teahupoo

Teahupoo (pronounced Chow-poo) is a village on the South-West coast of the island of Tahiti, French Polynesia and produces one of the world's biggest waves. Teahupoo holds numerous surf and body board competitions such as Billabong Pro Tahiti surf competition that is an annual event at Teahupoo. The giant waves which are created at Teahupoo and can get as high as 70ft due to the bend of the wave when it hits the reef below the sea level. Unlike other places such as Jaws, the di reef below the sea level at Teahupoo is very shallow so when energy from waves that are entering Teahupoo in deep water and it suddenly hits a shallow reef it instantly breaks and bring with it huge amounts of water making the wave not only very high but very thick as well. Teahupoo is best surfed between April to October when the wind and rain is frequent especially when it is in the cyclone season.

   

 
 



This diagram here gives us an idea of how shallow Teahupoo really is at only 3 feet (1 metre) which means that when the enormous waves from the pacific suddenly drop onto a very shallow reef this creates very big and very thick waves. 

Big Wave Video

Pre-viewing:

1. Where do ocean waves come from? What gets them started? They come from the North Pacific where low pressure and high pressure systems are very close together.
2. What do you think a surfer should know about waves before they try and ride a wave while surfing? They should know the wind speed, wave period from wave to wave 

Question for the Video:

1. Observe all the waves that you see and describe how they form and break. Use as many words found in the segment for you descriptions. They form by the waves energy being refracted and bent  by the sea floor.
2. Describe how waves are formed, how they originate, and how they are measured? The waves are formed by low and high pressure systems being very close together.
3. What is a maverick wave and what is special about the way it is formed? The sea floor under mavericks is filled with reefs which bends the waves bring the waves energy into one place creating the massive waves.
4. How is energy stored and transferred during wave? It is stored from the surface to half the wave length. 
5. List any kind of advice given by the surfers about how to survive these “big waves.” They have to try and get past the part where the wave crashed first before getting off. Don't try and fight the wave if you get dunked.

4.1 Questions

1. Decline in population, in jobs.

2. Located on the Castlereagh river between Gilgandra and Coonamble in NSW

3.

4. Where returned soldiers came with their families to settle down and live in the area. They grew the population and the workforce and helped to grow the economy.

5. Agriculture, community events, tourism.

6. 447 in 2001. 1072 in 2001.

7. Community Development Employment Program.

8b. i) North
ii) North
iii) North-West

9. a)
b)
c)
d)

4.3 Questions

1. Federal- The Australian Government's Department of Transport and Regional Services.
State- The NSW Department of State and Regional Development Funds

2. Sense of Place Program and Townlife Development Program

3. The rural transaction centre is the first ever community-owned post office in Australia created by the towns people of Gulargambone after there was threat of closure of the local post office.

4. It offers Giropost, Centrelink, Medicare, Internet Access and Reliance Credit Union

5. They have lobbied government and non-government organisations for funding and assistance for services and facilities.

6. To increase the population and services that are available, to promote Gulargambone and to establish youth projects.

7. It involved the restoration of former picture theatre into a vibrant and multi-faceted community centre which incorporates a cafe, craft gallery, second-hand bookshop and function centre.

8. The opening of the Rural Transaction Centre, the 'Back to Gulargambone reunion, 2001', the purchase and renovation of the old picture theatre in the main street.

9. Helped to raise money for the facilities and services needed.

10.

4.2 Questions p113

1. It causes economic hardship for agricultural population which has an effect on businesses and jobs, increased welfare dependency.


2. It meant that there were more farms available but there are less farms actually running.


3. The soldiers settler blocks being sold, collapse in the wool industry, rising costs in the agricultural industry with fuel, machinery and wages.


4. It has meant that these more advanced and more powerful machinery such as headers are able to harvest bigger areas of land in one day making the farmers job a lot easier which means they don't need as many employees.


5. Because of the improvement in roads and cars it gives people better access to wider communities such as Dubbo and Coonamble which means they are able to bypass smaller and more isolated towns such as Gulargambone. People also find it easier to use particular services and facilities with entertainment in larger towns and communities than smaller ones.


6. People have left the town to search for employment and education, the age median is increasing which means there is a greater need for age services.


8) The population dramatically declined from 1954 to the mid 1960's, from then and on the population has been going up and down. From starting with a population of 900 people Gulargambone has lost 500 people.
9) The reason why the population is appeared in a pyramid is because it is an easier way to tell the population through all of the ages. The pyramid covers all the ages from 0-80 and presents a clear population throughout all of the ages
10)
a- The school enrolments slowly rose in the 1950's and from there has been a major decline up until 2007
b- The reason why the trends are shown like this is because over the past 30 years the town has experienced steady population decline. There are large numbers of children, but many young people aged 15-29 have left the town and its surrounds in search of education and employment. The median age is increasing showing that there is an ageing population and a greater need for aged services
11)
Social- The median age is increasing
Economic- People are leaving the town to find better employment
Environmental- Drought and decline in Agriculture

Go Back to Where You Came From Reflection

Take the time to think about the documentary you have just watched.

• What is your initial reaction to the show? My initial reaction to this show was that is was very disturbing to hear some of the statistics on refugees and how many of them flee their countries because of war and also how many of them live in the slums of Malaysia and Africa. 

Take this Quiz: http://www.sbs.com.au/thefacttester?question=4

• What percentage of immigrants are refugees? 1.5%
• Why does such a small number of people make for such a big deal both politically and in the media? (Give your opinion) Because the small amount of people are not only foreign but have tried to come to another country illegally without any documentation or any form of papers such as a birth certificate or passport.

• Where does Australia rank among countries accepting refugees? We rank as No.15
• To what extent do we have an obligation to help other people suffering in the world? (your opinion) Well I believe we should set up refugee camps which are controlled by our Australian soldiers like the UN has done except has Australian soldiers there instead of Australian or UN officials.

• How much extra support do refugees receive in comparison to other Australian citizens? They receive the same amount of support.
• How many Asian nations have signed the UN Refugee Convention?
• Why is it important to note that Malaysia has not signed the UN Refugee Convention? What does this mean for refugees in Malaysia? It is important to note that Malaysia has one of the biggest amounts of refugees in their countries so that signing the UN Refugee Convention means that they will do nothing to help these people. This means for refugees in Malaysia it will be almost impossible to get out of Malaysia safely such as being processed but instead will be hunted down and will have to be in hiding.

Australia's Population Questions

1. What is demography? The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.
2. In what year did the Australian population reach 20 million? How quickly is the population growing? 4th of December, 2003. 
3. How many Aboriginal people are estimated to have lived in Australia before Europeans arrived? Around 315,000.
4. What the two main ways the population can grow? What percentage of the population growth in 2010 can be attributed to each way? If the fertility rate grows and if they death rate slows. 
5. What is the total fertility rate for 2010? 1-2 children. 
6. What was the total fertility rate for Australia in 1935? How does this compare to other years? Why do you think that it compares this way? It was very low as it was in the middle of the great depression but then it steadily grew over the years. 
7. What is the trend in the fertility rate for Australia since 1950? It decreases.
8. What is the average size of a family in Australia? How does that compare to the US? Around 2 where as the US is around 3 people which shows that the US usually has a larger family but not by much.

Are we a racist nation?

1. Who is the author and what is his job title? Graeme Innes, Race Discrimination Commissioner
2. Who does he work for and what is supposed to do in this job?  
3. What does the author say is often the beginning of a racist comment? Have you every heard anyone use this line to say something racist? If so, what did they say? 'I'm not racist but....'. Yes I have heard that line before someone said a racist joke. They said that Asians can't see well and that's why they can't drive.
4. What percent of Australians are born overseas or have an overseas parent? 50%
5. What is a 'monoculture'? A monoculture is a single culture without diversity or disagreement. 
6. What are some welcome benefits of online technology? Some welcome benefits of online technology include: blind people able to have a job, connecting the world's indigenous people and ethnic minority groups to help share stories, co-ordinate their work and collectively organise.
7. What are some unwelcome results of online social media? Some unwelcome results of online social media include: The rapid increase in number of race-hate websites and cyber-racism complaints.
8. What makes racism online so dangerous? It makes it dangerous because anything racist you say can go viral and anyone can see what you have said which can make people feel very angry.
9. What will help stop racism online? People who run anti-bullying websites and campaigns, also destroying these hate racist websites.
10. What does the author suggest we need to do to stop racism? We have to stand up and say that is is not okay for racism and make sure that people do not get involved with racism.

How Has Australian Changed in My Life Time?

1. Physical Change-

• Building of the Sydney Olympics 
• Black Saturday bush fires in Victoria
• Queensland floods
• Cyclone Yasi
• Global Warming

The Black Saturday bush fires in Victoria changed much of the outback landscape of Victoria and destroyed hundreds of houses. This in turn changed how people now have to live if they live in a bush fire prone area with evacuation plans, fire proof buildings etc. The bush fires also destroyed a lot of crops that effected the economics of Australia's farming industry which therefore made the share market higher priced on the Australian farming industry shares.

2. Socio-economic Change-

• Australian dollar being above parody
• Global Financial Crisis 
• Recyclable water in NSW
• Businesses being created to build solar panels and environmentally friendly materials
• Mining Industry

The Australian dollar being above parody means that Australia and its share market will be very strong and people will want to be investing in things in Australia.

3. Cultural Change-

• Booming population of Australia
• Huge numbers Asylum seekers being taken to Australia 
• Saying 'Sorry' to the Indigenous people
• Many other religions besides Catholic and Christian are being placed in Australia

The huge number of asylum seekers that are being found on the West coasts of Australia are causing the Australian government and the tax payers a lot of money. This also suggests that Australia is a very popular and safe country which many people are wanting to come here and live whether its legally or illegally. 

Changing Australian Communities

1. What is the primary source when doing research? What is a secondary source? Which one is better? When do you use these types of sources? A primary source is a source that was written at the same time of the research you were investigating. A secondary source is a source that is given by a historian or an item from that time. A primary source is better because it will usually have more reliable information on your investigation. You use these types of sources in subjects such as history and geography.

2. What is a primary source for finding population data for Australia. Why? Bureau of Statistics because they have statistics on everything related to Australia.

3. What is the population of Australia? 22,638,351

4. What is the 'growth rate' of Australia for 2010? 1.6%

5. How many 'new' Australians were there in 2010? 345,500

6. How many of the 'new' Australians were born in Australia and how many were immigrants?   

7. Which state had the greatest growth in population in 2010? New South Wales and Western Australia

8. What changes have you noticed in your area that could be related to growth in population? I have noticed that there are more foreigners moving into houses in my area then there were 2 or 3 years ago. I have also noticed that there are more apartment blocks being built in the past year.

9. Is it good that Australian's population continues to grow? I believe that is is not bad if Australia's population continues to grow but it is bad if it keeps on growing at a very fast pace because that means in 30 or 40 years Australia will become covered in houses.

10. When, in history, has Australia NEEDED the population to grow? Why? Where did these people come from?  

Evaluation of Group on La Nina and El Nino Task

Overall I think the group went really well and I thought that we finished the work efficiently and to our best of our ability. I believe that the work was split evenly and fairly for all of us to complete on time with ease.

Andrew: I believe that Andrew's quality of work was very good and his maps had  some very informative, detailed and useful information with great use of the symbols. His El Nino fact sheet was quite good with relevant detail and useful comments. I believe that Andrew did not communicate with the group to his full ability but that did not affect the overall performance of the group. Andrew completed his work on time and that was helpful when putting it all together.

Adam: I believe that Adam's quality of work was of a high standard with very detailed and informative maps which I believe were the best of the groups. I thank him for finishing off my work when I was away. He communicated well with us so that we were able to finish the work on time. He completed his work on time and that helped the group as a whole.

La Nina and El Nino Fact Sheet

El Nino

What is it?
El Nino is the normal circulation pattern in the Pacific Ocean which brings rain to Australia. In an El Nino year the circulation reverses and South America receives the rain while Australia remains dry. In El Nino the hot water gets pushed towards South America and becomes a warm wet low pressure system.

What places have been affected by El Nino in Australia?
Australia’s climate is highly variable from year to year. For example, 1998 to 2001 were all very wet years across northern and central Australia, with some parts receiving more than double their average rainfall over the four-year period. In contrast, 2002 and early 2003 saw one of the worst droughts in Australia’s history. In eastern Victoria alone, the drought led to approximately 1.2 million hectares of land, including 41 houses and 9000 livestock, being burnt over a span of 59 days starting in January 2003. This was the largest fire event in Victoria since 1939. Other states have also been affected by Droughts, like in 1902 Queensland suffered a major drought which lasted more than 10 years. These are some of the affected areas in which El Nino has taken and destroyed.

How are the El Nino Disasters formed?
Much of the variability in Australia’s climate is connected with the atmospheric phenomenon called the Southern Oscillation, a major see-saw of air pressure and rainfall patterns between the Australian/Indonesian region and the eastern Pacific. The Southern Oscillation is measured by a simple index, the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), which can also be related to specific changes in the temperature of the underlying ocean, commonly referred to as El Nino and La Nina events.
Rural productivity, especially in Queensland and New South Wales, responds significantly to the behaviour of the Southern Oscillation. This is how El Nino disasters are formed.
 
El Nino-Federation Drought

• Began in the mid 1890s and reached its devastating climax in late 1901 and 1902.  
• Animal Stock dropped
• Suffered a major drought
• Wheat crop was “all but lost”, Darling River was dry at Bourke for over a year
• Concerns about water supply
• Failure in wheat crop
• Areas affected include: Queensland, New South Wales and the Northern Territory

_________________________________________________________________

La Nina

La Nina-
La Niña is a joined ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño-Southern Oscillation climate pattern. During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3–5 °C. In the United States, an episode of La Niña is distinct as a period of at least 5 months of La Niña conditions.

Effects of La Nina
The results of La Niña are mostly the opposite of those of El Niño, for example, El Niño would cause a wet period in the Midwestern U.S., while La Niña would typically cause a dry period in this area. At the other side of the Pacific La Niña can cause heavy rains. For India, an El Niño is often a cause for concern because of its adverse impact on the south-west downpour; this happened in 2009. A La Niña, on the other hand, is often beneficial for the downpour because it would increase the chance of rain and precipitation

La Nina- Queensland Floods

• La Nina helped create the 2010/11 Queensland Floods
• 35 were confirmed dead and 9 missing
• Estimated $30 billion in damage
• The Queensland Floods covered  most of Queensland including its capital city Brisbane.
• Much of central and southern Queensland including Brisbane, Rockhampton, Emerald, Bundaberg, Dalby, Toowoomba, and Ipswich were the affected areas from the floods
• Queensland Reconstruction Authority was set up to help with the relief of the floods
• More than 55,000 volunteers gave their time and money to help with the clean up of Queensland's affected areas
• The Australian Defense Force set up Operation Queensland Flood Assist and About 35 State Emergency Service personnel from New South Wales and 20 personnel from Victoria were deployed to provide relief to exhausted staff and volunteers

El Nino and La Nina Project

View el Nino in a larger map

View La Nina in a larger map

View El Nino - Federation Drought in a larger map

View La Nina- 2010/11 Queensland Floods in a larger map

Fact Sheets- 

2.7 Questions- Destruction by Tropical Cyclone Larry

1. On the 20^th of March, the eye of Cyclone Larry crossed the coast near Innisfail between 6:20am and 7:20am.

2. They experienced the greatest damage because it caused major flooding and left many communities isolated for several days.

3. Public infrastructure are things such as roads, rail and air transport that the public uses. The damage was brought on the infrastructure made if very difficult to transport nessessities such as food, water and shelter to the effected areas.

4. The total damage bill as AU $350 million.

5. Cyclone Larry destroyed 85% of the banana crops in North Queensland. It left thousands of people without employment and $298.4 million were lost from the destruction of the crops.

6. The Emergency Management Australia and State Emergency Service both help to produce information brochures on natural hazards and run community workshops to ensure that people are well prepared.

7. Emergency Management Australia, State Emergency Service, Australian Defence Force, charities and government departments.

8. They helped the coordination of the recovery effort and helped provide large quantities of resources needed to remove danger and repair damage.

9. Major General Peter Cosgrove. He would need to have good leadership qualities and be able to organise large groups of people to help with the recovery effort. He would need patience as the recovery would take time.

10.

11. It would interrupt the supply of bananas for weeks and maybe months as so much of the crop was lost and many factories exporting the bananas would be impossible to get to with the flooding.

12. a) 800km

b) 66.6 km/h

c) It was downgraded to a tropical low at 1am on March 20^th. This is because the wind had lost its momentum that it gained over the sea.

d) It travelled around 1000km inland before it receded.  

2.6 Questions- Cyclone Tracy

1. 1974

2. They set up evacuation and medical centres

3. The National Disaster Organisation is a federal government body and it became involved with cyclone Tracy to help restore basic services to Darwin

4. To save lives

5. 80.459% of Darwin’s population were evacuated

6. Houses in all cyclone-prone areas of Australia must adhere to strict building codes to withstand cyclone. Also lessons have been taught how to prepare against this hazard

7. On the 29^th of August Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf of Mexico and the state of Louisiana in the United States. It killed over 1400 people and flooded large areas of New Orleans

8. When the hurricane hit, the storm surge combined with the low-lying nature of the New Orleans meaning that 80% of the city became flooded.

9. All levels of Government were criticised for the slow and disorganised response to the hazard

10.  The NDO was quick and organised to send out food supplies and medical services while the FEMA was criticised for being slow and took days to send out food supplies

11.

12.

a)      Cyclone Tracy was heading at a fast speed South-East straight through Darwin