Erosion

7.8 Chapter Questions

1. The coastal dune management area is located in New South Wales at Stuart Point.

2. 1893- A large flood caused the Macleay River to break through the sand barrier at South West Rocks creating another entrance for the river.
1965 May- Soil Conservation Service provided native plant seedlings and planting advice which was the start of the re-vegetation program for the dunes.
1965 August- Cattle started to grazed and destroy the vegetation program.
1970- Soil Conservation Service of NSW was established

7.7 Chapter Questions

1. State governments

2. The Queensland government- Pays a 1/4 of the total of running and maintaining the sand bypassing system and carries out navigational dredging to keep open the river entrance.
The New South Wales government- Pays one half of the cost of running, is in charge of the sand bypassing system.
Gold Coast City Council- Pays a 1/4 of the total of running and maintaining the sand bypassing system, approval to carry out a certain amount of beach nourishment.

3. 2nd of June 1989- State ministers met to develop a cooperative approach to the issue of the Tweed River.
February 2000- Construction of the sand bypass scheme commenced.
March 2001- Scheme was completed and operational

4. The NSW government decided to halve the payments required while being given certain positions. The Queensland government and Gold City Council decided to half the other payment and each pay a quarter while receiving some duties. I believe this is fair because the NSW government decided to be apart of this scheme and should pay half.

5. The opportunities that the residents are given is to use the beaches and areas that are being managed by the scheme so that the governments and council can understand how the residents will use the area and what changes may need to happen.

7.5 Chapter Questions

1. Because it attracts to so many tourists and new residents every year that to keep the numbers sustainable the Gold Coast has to be built and sustained very well.

2. Erosion and constructive waves.

3. Building of rock walls and beach nourishment programs.

4. They have created the Beach Protection Act in 1968 that established the Beach Protection Authority which allows them to implement any coastal management strategies needed to protect the Gold Coast beaches. They have been successful and has even created great surfing spots.

5. Some of the management strategies used have taken away the beauty of the Gold Coast and its beaches.

6. a)  i. 27381   ii. 220366   iii. 6127   iv. 74539

b) Gold Coast, Brisbane, Perth, Melbourne, Darwin, Sydney, Hobart, Adelaide

c)

City	Population increase between 1999 and 2004	Annual population growth (%)
Sydney	212,124	1
Brisbane	182,610	2.2
Gold Coast	74,539	3.5

d) Because Sydney's population is far larger than the Gold Coast's its increase in people will usually mean its will be quite large compared to the Gold Coast's but because Sydney's population is so large in the first place then the Gold Coast's annual population growth will be larger if any small number of people come because its population is so small in the first place.

7. One centimetre on the map represent point two five kilometres on the ground.

8. Contour interval is 10 metres

7.4 Chapter Questions

1. Coastal management involves people creating solutions and strategies to minimise the environmental effects that humans put into the coastal region.

2. Sea Walls- Used to stop erosion of the coastline and protect property.
Breakwaters- Constructed at all the entrances to rivers, they extend into the ocean in order to stabilise river entrances.
Groynes- Constructed along beaches to catch sand and make beaches wider.
Fences- To ensure adequate access to the beach while protecting the vegetation that stabilises the sand-dunes.

3.

Brief Description of management strategy	Advantages	Disadvantages
Sea Walls- Used to stop erosion of the coastline and protect property.	Helps protect coastal property and land with vegetation.	Does not look very nice and a scenic thing to see around a beach.
Breakwaters- Constructed at all the entrances to rivers, they extend into the ocean in order to stabilise river entrances.	Helps stabilise river entrances. Safe access for boating. Keep river entrances clear of sand-build up.	Alter the patterns of erosion, transportation and deposition of sand along the coastline.
Beach nourishment- Involves the movement of sand by machines.	Helps to keep beaches even with the amount of sand that is deposited.	Can be very expensive and needs to be ongoing.
Coastal Dune preservation- Strategies are implemented to protect these dunes which play a vital role in the coastal environment.	Keep the dunes safe from environmental impacts by humans.

4. Because many management techniques work hand in hand with some management strategies which make them more effective and useful.

7.1 Chapter Questions

1. Because the major percentage of Australia's population lives at or near the coast things such as pollution, population growth and introduced plants have becoming higher increasing problems.

2. Because of the pressure of urban development along the coastline has caused a range of geographical issues involving various groups.

3. Population growth. More people are wanting to change the lifestyle of living in the city to living out near the coast.

4. Some towns have imposed residential caps or a population ceiling for their town in an effort to stop over development of the area.

5. Pollution- People are allowing their rubbish to end up in urban stormwater drains which brings all of their rubbish to the beaches causing the water to become intoxicated.

Introduced Plants- People bring over other plants to help sustain things such as sand dunes but these plants then destroy the native vegetation.

Coast Rivers and Lagoons- The use of boats along rivers and in lagoons causes them to become silted which then requires a lot of dredging to keep it healthy again.

Tourism and Recreational Pressures- Tourism is becoming more increasingly popular for the coasts of Australia and many tourists developments and resorts are being placed along the coast. This is putting pressure on the infrastructure and environment and if it is not managed properly sand dunes and beaches may become eroded because of allowed vehicle access.

6. The geographers have to manage residents, tourists and commercial-related activities so that the development of the coastline is sustainable.

7.2 Chapter Questions

1. The wind forms ripples, then these form wavelets and finally waves.

2. The distance the wind travels over the ocean to form a wave.

3. Waves out in the ocean take the energy from the wind and create strong rippling effects but closer into the coast and shore the waves start to interact with the sea floor because of the shallow water.

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6. Spilling waves break far from the shore with beaches with gentle slopes which are good for body surfing. Plunging waves break on the beach and is moderately steep which is great for board riders as they form tubes and surging waves occur on very steep beaches where the waves roll up the steep face rather than breaking over it.

7. Wind swell is where waves travel only a short distance before they hit land where as ground swell is formed after waves have travelled across greater distances of ocean before hitting the coast.

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9. Hi, if you want to swim in the beaches of Australia then you should know the 3 different waves that could occur and who they are best suited for. Firstly, there are spilling waves that break far from the shore with beaches that have gentle slopes and are perfect for people who like to body surfing. The next type of wave is a plunging wave. These waves break on the beach and are moderately steep which is great for board riders as they form tubes or barrels that surfers love to go into. The last type of wave is a surging wave which only occurs on very steep beaches where the waves roll up the steep face rather than breaking over it. These waves can be dangerous and should only be swam in if you are a very fit and able swimmer. Enjoy!!

10. Today was quite a busy day as although the cyclone warnings have created massive waves it was very hot and this attracted hundreds of people to the beach. The cyclone's wind has been bringing massive surging waves towards shore and I alone had to make 48 saves and over 75% of them were because of the swimmers not being able to cope with the on coming amount of waves that were hitting the shore line. The cyclone has made the waters very choppy further out past the rocks and a rescue boat was called after a speed boat hit a wave too hard and the boat and its two passengers were catapulted around 100 metres. Luckily the female only broke her neck and the male suffered major bruising as the rescue boats came within seconds of the crash as they were on their usual 1pm patrol. The cyclone started to bring in its terrible weather and by 3:30pm the weather was awful with gusty winds and pouring rain which took away all of the people at the beach and made my job 99% easier.